Though the countries in transition are far from being an homogeneous lot, there are a few denominators common to their Internet experience hitherto:
Internet invasion
The penetration of the Internet in the countries in transition varies from country to country, but is still very low even by European standards, not to mention by American ones. This had to do with the lack of infrastructure, the prohibitive cost of services, an extortionist pricing structure, computer illiteracy and Luddism (computer phobia). Societies in the countries in transition are inert (and most of them, conservative or traditionalist)—following years of central mis-planning. The Internet (and computers in general) is perceived by many as threatening—mainly because it is part of a technological upheaval that makes people redundant.
The rumor mill
All manner of instant messaging—mainly the earlier versions of IRC—played an important role in enhancing social cohesion and exchanging uncensored information. As in other parts of the world, the Internet was first used to communicate: IRC [1], MIRC [2], e-mail and e-mail fora were—and to a large extent still are—all the rage.
IRC was and is used mainly to exchange political views and news and to engage in inter-personal interactions. The media in countries in transition is notoriously unreliable. Decades of official indoctrination and propaganda left people reading between the (real or imaginary) lines. Rumors and gossip always substituted for news, and the Internet was well suited to become a prime channel of dissemination of conspiracy theories, malicious libel, hearsay and eyewitness accounts.
Instant messaging services also led to an increase in the number (though not necessarily in the quality) of interactions between the users. From dating to the provision of services, the Internet was enthusiastically adopted by a generation of alienated youth, isolated from the world by official doctrine and from each other by paranoia fostered by the political regime. The Internet exposed its users to the West, to other models of existence where trust and collaboration play a major role. It increased the quantity of interaction between them. It fostered a sense of identity and community.
The Internet is not ubiquitous in the countries in transition and, therefore, its impact is very limited. It had no discernible effect on how governments work in this region. Even in the USA, it is just starting to affect political processes and be integrated in them.
The Internet encouraged entrepreneurship and aspirations of social mobility. Very much like mobile telephony—which allowed the countries in transition to skip massive investments in outdated technologies—the Internet was perceived to be a shortcut to prosperity. Its decentralized channels of distribution, global penetration, "rags to riches" ethos and dizzying rate of innovation attracted the young and creative.
Many decided to become software developers and establish local versions of "Silicon Valley" or the flourishing software industry in India. Anti-virus software was developed in Russia, web design services in former Yugoslavia, e-media in the Czech Republic and so on. But this is the reserve of a minuscule part of society. E-commerce [3], for instance, is a long way off (though m-commerce [4] might be sooner in countries like the Czech Republic or the Baltic).
E-commerce is the natural culmination of a process. You need to have a rich computer infrastructure, a functioning telecommunications network, cheap access to the Internet, computer literacy, inability to postpone gratification, a philosophy of consumerism and, finally, a modicum of trust between the players in the economy.
The countries in transition lack all of the above. Most of them are not even aware that the Internet exists and what it can do for them. Penetration rates, the number of computers per household, the number of phone lines per household, the reliability of the telecommunications infrastructure and the number of Internet users at home (and at work) are all dismally low.
On the other hand, the cost of accessing the net is still prohibitively high. It would be a wild exaggeration to call the budding Internet enterprises in the countries in transition "industries." There are isolated cases of success, that's all. They sprang up in response to local demand, expanded internationally on rare occasions and, on the whole, remained pretty confined to their locale. There was no agreement between countries and entrepreneurs who will develop what. It was purely haphazard.
The great equalizer
Very early on, the denizens of the countries in transition have caught on to the "great equalizer" effects of the Net. They used it to vent their frustrations and aggression, to conduct cyber-warfare, to unleash an explosion of visual creativity and to engage in deconstructive discourse.
By "great equalizer," I mean equalizer with the rich, developed countries. See the article I quoted above. The citizens of the countries in transition are frustrated by their inability to catch up with the affluence and prosperity of the West. They feel inferior, neglected, looked down upon, dictated to and, in general, put down. The Internet is perceived as something that can restore the balance. Only, of course, it cannot. It is still a rich people's medium.
President Clinton points out the Digital Divide within America—such a divide exists to a much larger extent and with more venomous effects between the developed and developing world. The Internet has done nothing to bridge this gap. On the contrary: it enhanced the productivity and economic growth (this is known as "The New Economy") of rich countries (mainly the United States) and left the have-nots in the dust.
Intellectual property
